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Höhere Technische Lehranstalten (HTL, Higher Technical Institute), also called Höhere Technische Bundeslehranstalten (HTBLA, Federal Higher Technical Institute) or Höhere Technische Bundeslehr- und Versuchsanstalten (HTBLuVA, Federal Higher Technical Institute for Educating and Experimenting) are engineering-focused secondary schools in Austria. These institutions are an important part of Austrian vocational education. HTLs specialise in disciplines such as civil engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, information technology, informatics, Industrial engineering, mechanical engineering, mechatronics and chemistry. HTLs also existed in Switzerland until 1995 when these institutions were converted into Swiss Fachhochschule-institutions. ==Types of Courses== Höhere Technische Lehranstalten generally offer four different types of courses: * ''Fachschule'' courses last four years. The first year at a HTL is usually also the last year of compulsory education, which ends in Austria with grade 9 so students are at least 14 years old when they enter HTL. After four years, students have to complete a ''Technikerarbeit'', a final examination project and then pass the final examinations to graduate from HTL. Students can also attend the examinations for the ''Berufsreifeprüfung'', but these examinations are voluntary. The Berufsreifeprüfung formally enables students to attend university, but they are limited to a specified range of subjects. * The so-called ''Höhere Abteilung'' offer the most common type of courses at Austrian HTLs. The course lasts five years and starts with grade 9. This type of education has a number of similarities to Japanese colleges of technology (Kosen). After five years, students may complete the school via a ''Diplomarbeit'', a final examination project that requires several hundred hours of work – similar to a Technikerarbeit but at higher level – or via a ''Klausurwoche'' (an engineering project that has to be completed in 35 hours distributed over a few days). After that, a student has to pass one written test in mathematics and one in a language (German or English) and the final oral examinations to graduate. The examinations are called ''Reife- und Diplomprüfung'' since the Austrian ''Reifeprüfung'' (Matura) is an integral part of it and students are formally enabled to attend university. After three years of work experience in engineering graduates can apply for the Austrian professional title ''Ingenieur'' (pre-nominal letters: Ing.), literally engineer. According to (Council Directive 92/51/EEC of 18 June 1992 on a second general system for the recognition of professional education and training, Annex D ) this certificate was equivalent to university education of at least 1 year but less than 3 years, similar to e.g. a Foundation degree. Directive 92/51/EEC is no more in force - it was repealed by (Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications ). * The so-called ''Abendschule'' (evening school) offers a type of course that is very similar to the ''Höhere Abteilung'' and intended for people who want to study while they work. These courses are organized in 8 semesters and are completed with a ''Reife- und Diplomprüfung'' just like the ''Höhere Abteilung''. * The fourth type of courses at HTLs are special post-secondary courses for students who have completed an apprenticeship, are master craftsmen or graduated from Gymnasium with Matura. These types of courses are also offered at the ''Höhere Abteilungen'' and end with the same qualifications as the five-year courses. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Höhere Technische Lehranstalt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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